Divergence time was performed to infer the biogeographic history. Sequences were analyzed by Bayesian and maximum likelihood to generate a phylogenetic hypothesis. We amplified two mitochondrial markers: cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 from specimens collected recently and museum samples from the type locality in 1903 to 1981 sampling half the known individuals reported to date. The aim of this study was to infer the phylogenetic position of Nelsonia within the Cricetidae family, to determine whether the two species are monophyletic groups, and to assess the intraspecific genetic variation of N. The phylogenetic position of this genus is poorly known, and its interspecific and intraspecific relationships are unclear. This genus is of great phylogenetic interest, but has been ignored in most taxonomic studies and revisions due to the scarcity of its representatives in museum collections. Nelsonia is a Mexican endemic genus of woodrat and includes only two uncommon species: N.
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